Acne Medication Market Size, Share, and Trends 2024 to 2033

Acne Medication Market (By Product: Antibiotics, Retinoids, Isotretinoin; By Routes of Administration: Topical, Oral; By Age-group: 18-44 years, 10-17 years, 45-65 years, 65 years and above; By Distribution Channel: Retail and Online, Hospital) - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, Regional Outlook, and Forecast 2024-2033

  • Last Updated : March 2024
  • Report Code : 3924
  • Category : Healthcare

Acne Medication Market Size and Manufacturers

The global acne medication market size was valued at USD 11.57 billion in 2023 and is predicted to reach around USD 19.17 billion by 2033 with a CAGR of 5.18% from 2024 to 2033.

Acne Medication Market Size 2024 to 2033

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Key Takeaways

  • North America dominated the acne medication market with the largest share of 45% in 2023.
  • Asia Pacific is expected to witness significant growth in the market during the forecast period.
  • By product, the antibiotics segment dominated the market in 2023.
  • By product, the retinoid segment is expected to grow at a notable rate in the market during the forecast period.
  • By routes of administration, the topical segment held the largest share of the market in 2023.
  • By route of administration, the oral segment is expected to grow at the fastest rate in the market during the anticipated period.
  • By age group, the 18-44 segment dominated the market with significant revenue in 2023.
  • By distribution channel, the retail and online segment is expected to witness a significant rate of growth during the forecast period.

Acne Medication Market Size in the U.S. 2024 To 2033

The U.S. acne medication market size surpassed USD 3.64 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to hit around USD 6.04 billion by 2033, poised to grow at a CAGR of 5.25% from 2024 to 2033.

U.S. Acne Medication Market Size 2024 to 2033

North America led the market with the biggest market share of 45% in 2023. The region’s expansion in the market is increasing due to the rising availability of the major beauty and skincare brands and the manufacturing industries in the United States and Canada. The rising investments in skincare products due to the intensive demand from the consumer are highly contributing to the growth of the market. The increase in the younger population, which is more likely to get affected by acne due to changing hormones, lifestyle, etc., is creating a significant growth in the sale of acne medication around the region, which accelerates the growth of the market across the region.

Acne Medication Market Share, By Region, 2023 (%)

Asia Pacific is expected to witness the fastest rate of expansion in the acne medication market during the forecast period. The increasing population and majorly the younger population in India, China, and Japan are driving the demand for acne medication. The younger population, like teenagers and adults, are more likely to get acne due to lifestyle, urbanization, and rising pollution, which is highly impacting human health and skin and boosts the growth of the acne medication market. Additionally, the rising expenditure on healthcare and appearance is collectively contributing to the growth of the market.

The Asia Pacific acne medication market offers a wide range of products catering to various skin types, concerns, and preferences. From traditional herbal remedies to modern pharmaceutical formulations, consumers have access to a diverse array of acne treatment options, contributing to market dominance. Improvements in healthcare infrastructure, access to healthcare services, and availability of over-the-counter (OTC) acne medications contribute to market expansion in Asia Pacific. As healthcare systems become more accessible and healthcare professionals promote skincare awareness, individuals are more likely to seek treatment for acne.

Acne Medication Market Overview

The acne medication market refers to the pharmaceutical and over-the-counter (OTC) products designed to treat and manage acne, a common skin condition characterized by the presence of pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, and inflammation on the skin. Acne medications encompass a wide range of topical and oral treatments, including prescription medications, over-the-counter creams and gels, cleansers, and spot treatments.

Adapalene is one of the types of medication that is used in the treatment of acne problems. It comes in a gel or cream formulation. Benzoyl peroxide is another type of acne medication that destroys or reduces the amount of bacteria in acne. Changing lifestyles, sleeping and eating habits, higher consumption of junk and oily food, rising environmental pollution, and bad weather conditions are collectively impacting human health and skin, which results in increasing skin diseases like acne that boost the demand for acne medication and drive the growth of the acne medication market.

Growth Factors

  • The increasing cases of acne problems in the younger population are driving the market's growth. Changes in the young population's lifestyle and changing environmental conditions highly contribute to skin allergies, acne, and other skin-related issues that may accelerate the demand for the medicines that drive the growth of the acne medication market.
  • The rising innovations in the healthcare market and skin treatment segment are boosting the growth of the market over the forecast period.
  • The rising concern about skin issues in the population and the demand for effective acne treatment is driving the growth of the market.
  • The increasing disposable income and the rising expenditure on healthcare and beauty products are driving the growth of the market.
  • The increasing urbanization and the higher adoption of unhealthy lifestyles are boosting the growth of the acne medication market.

Acne Medication Market Scope

Report Coverage Details
Growth Rate from 2024 to 2033 CAGR of 5.18%
Global Market Size in 2023 USD 11.57 Billion
Global Market Size by 2033 USD 19.17 Billion
U.S. Market Size in 2023 USD 3.64 Billion
U.S. Market Size by 2033 USD 6.04 Billion
Base Year 2023
Forecast Period 2024 to 2033
Segments Covered By Product, By Routes of Administration, By Age-Group, and By Distribution Channel
Regions Covered North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa


Acne Medication Market Dynamics

Driver: The rising cases of acne in the younger population

The rising cases of acne in the younger population, mostly teenagers, are driving the growth of the acne medication market. The increasing urbanization and, changing lifestyles, and increasing pollution levels are highly impacting the skin of humans and causing allergies, pimples, blackheads, which are driving the demand for effective medication for the treatment of such conditions, which is driving the growth of the market. Additionally, the rising availability and the innovative launch of the latest treatment products, such as retinoids, antibiotics, and others, are influencing the growth of the market.

Restraint: Side effects

Similar to several other medications prescribed for cosmetic and medical use, acne medications result in a wide range of adverse reactions ranging from mild local irritation to systemic side effects such as liver dysfunctions. Depending on individual cases has been reported wherein side effects such as vomiting, nausea, or diarrhea were reported on the use of acne medication. This can hamper the growth of the acne medication market.

Opportunity: Increasing investment in skin and beauty products

The increasing demand for maintaining facial aesthetics in the population is driving the growth of major beauty and personal care companies that make lifestyle products for the generation that faces skin challenges like acne, pimples, dull skin, blackheads, etc. The increase in the beauty industry and the rising expenditure on skin treatment and maintenance are boosting the growth of the market. The increasing investments in research and development programs for the innovation of new products or treatments associated with acne are driving future opportunities for the acne medication market.

Product Insights

The antibiotics segment dominated the acne medication market in 2023. The rising adoption of antibiotics as a treatment for acne due to their higher efficiency is drives the growth of the antibiotics segment. Antibiotics come in two types: topical and oral. Antibiotics are highly used in acne treatment because they help to reduce the amount of bacteria, inflammation, and swelling and minimize the risk of scars. Tetracycline and erythromycin are antibiotics that can help reduce the extreme pain of acne, which is related to bacteria on the skin. Thus, the higher adoption of antibiotics in acne treatment drives the growth of the antibiotics segment.

The retinoid segment is expected to grow at a notable rate in the acne medication market during the forecast period. The growth of the segment is expected to increase due to the rising demand for retinoids to help reduce mild acne and enhance the skin's appearance. Retinol generally comes in gels, serums, lotions, wipes, and creams. Retinol is commonly found in every kind of skincare product, including anti-acne and anti-aging products. Retinol is applied to the skin once per day after cleaning the face for 20 or 30 minutes. There are some other benefits associated with the use of retinol, such as anti-aging, minimizing fine lines and wrinkles, reducing pigmentation, increasing skin elasticity, and enhancing skin tone and texture. All these factors are contributing to the demand for retinol in the acne medication market.

Routes of Administration Insights

The topical segment held the largest share of the acne medication market in 2023. The growth of the segment is attributed to the rising adoption of topical solutions due to their easy availability and soothing nature. Topical retinoids like adapalene or tretinoin are considered the most effective method for the treatment of comedonal acne. Topical antibiotics like azelaic acid and benzoyl peroxide are used in the inflammatory condition of acne. Topical treatments are considered the sole treatment for acne in many patients and are used as part of the therapeutic regimen.

The oral segment is expected to grow at the fastest pace in the acne medication market during the anticipated period. The rising adoption of oral administration of acne medication due to its effectiveness and treatment within the body is driving the demand for the oral administration of the drug. Oral medicine is prescribed by the doctor in the case of moderate to severe acne problems, and acne does not respond to the topical treatment. The segment includes oral antibiotics, accutane (isotretinoin), oral contraceptives, and Aldactone (spironolactone). In which oral contraceptives and Aldactone are used in acne related to the menstrual cycles.

Age-group Insights

The 18-44 segment dominated the market with the largest share in 2023. The growing demand for acne medication in this age group is due to the large population size and the increasing hormonal changes that occur at that age. The changing lifestyle and adopting bad lifestyle habits such as smoking, drinking, and excess consumption of junk food are resulting in conditions like skin allergies, acne, and others, which accelerate the growth of the acne medication market.

Distribution Channel Insights

The retail and online segment is expected to witness a significant rise in the acne medication market during the forecast period. The growth of the segment is attributed to the rising adoption of online marketing by consumers due to better discount offers, convenience, and other benefits. The rising e-commerce platforms like Amazon, Walmart, etc., and the rising commercialization are boosting the growth of the segment. Additionally, the rise in urbanization and the increasing number of supermarkets and hypermarkets in urban areas are contributing to the expansion of the retail sector and fueling the growth of the market.

Recent Developments

  • In February 2024, VA-based med spa gentle wellness center, “Fairfax,” launched the Morpheus8 skin resurfacing treatment for people who are suffering from scar tissue from dermatological disorders.
  • In January 2024, Bausch Health Companies Inc. and Ortho Dermatologics, its dermatology business, introduces the CABTREO™ (clindamycin, adapalene, benzoyl peroxide) topical gel, 1.2%/0.15%/3.1% in the U.S. for the topical treatment of acne vulgaries for the 12 years and above age patients.

Acne Medication Market Players

  • Galderma S.A.
  • Bausch Health Companies Inc.
  • Mayne Pharma Group Limited
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd
  • Almirall Sa
  • Glaxosmithkline Plc (Gsk)
  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Mylan N.V.
  • Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited
  • Johnson & Johnson

Segments Covered in the Report

By Product

  • Antibiotics
  • Retinoids
  • Isotretinoin

By Routes of Administration

  • Topical
  • Oral

By Age-group

  • 18-44 years
  • 10-17 years
  • 45-65 years
  • 65 years and above

By Distribution Channel

  • Retail and Online
  • Hospital

By Geography

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia-Pacific
  • Latin America
  • Middle East and Africa

Frequently Asked Questions

The global acne medication market size is expected to increase USD 19.17 billion by 2033 from USD 11.57 billion in 2023.

The global acne medication market will register growth rate of 5.18% between 2024 and 2033.

The major players operating in the acne medication market are Galderma S.A., Bausch Health Companies Inc., Mayne Pharma Group Limited, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Almirall Sa, Glaxosmithkline Plc (Gsk), Pfizer Inc., Mylan N.V., Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, Johnson & Johnson, and Others.

The driving factors of the acne medication market are the rising cases of acne in the younger population, rising concern about skin issues, and the rising expenditure on healthcare and beauty products.

North America region will lead the global acne medication market during the forecast period 2024 to 2033.

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. Research Objective

1.2. Scope of the Study

1.3. Definition

Chapter 2. Research Methodology (Premium Insights)

2.1. Research Approach

2.2. Data Sources

2.3. Assumptions & Limitations

Chapter 3. Executive Summary

3.1. Market Snapshot

Chapter 4. Market Variables and Scope 

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Market Classification and Scope

4.3. Industry Value Chain Analysis

4.3.1. Raw Material Procurement Analysis 

4.3.2. Sales and Distribution Channel Analysis

4.3.3. Downstream Buyer Analysis

Chapter 5. COVID 19 Impact on Acne Medication Market 

5.1. COVID-19 Landscape: Acne Medication Industry Impact

5.2. COVID 19 - Impact Assessment for the Industry

5.3. COVID 19 Impact: Global Major Government Policy

5.4. Market Trends and Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape

Chapter 6. Market Dynamics Analysis and Trends

6.1. Market Dynamics

6.1.1. Market Drivers

6.1.2. Market Restraints

6.1.3. Market Opportunities

6.2. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

6.2.1. Bargaining power of suppliers

6.2.2. Bargaining power of buyers

6.2.3. Threat of substitute

6.2.4. Threat of new entrants

6.2.5. Degree of competition

Chapter 7. Competitive Landscape

7.1.1. Company Market Share/Positioning Analysis

7.1.2. Key Strategies Adopted by Players

7.1.3. Vendor Landscape

7.1.3.1. List of Suppliers

7.1.3.2. List of Buyers

Chapter 8. Global Acne Medication Market, By Product

8.1. Acne Medication Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product, 2024-2033

8.1.1. Antibiotics

8.1.1.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2033)

8.1.2. Retinoids

8.1.2.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2033)

8.1.3. Isotretinoin

8.1.3.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2033)

Chapter 9. Global Acne Medication Market, By Routes of Administration

9.1. Acne Medication Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration, 2024-2033

9.1.1. Topical

9.1.1.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2033)

9.1.2. Oral

9.1.2.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2033)

Chapter 10. Global Acne Medication Market, By Age-group 

10.1. Acne Medication Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group, 2024-2033

10.1.1. 18-44 years

10.1.1.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2033)

10.1.2. 10-17 years

10.1.2.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2033)

10.1.3. 45-65 years

10.1.3.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2033)

10.1.4. 65 years and above

10.1.4.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2033)

Chapter 11. Global Acne Medication Market, By Distribution Channel 

11.1. Acne Medication Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2024-2033

11.1.1. Retail and Online

11.1.1.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2033)

11.1.2. Hospital

11.1.2.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2033)

Chapter 12. Global Acne Medication Market, Regional Estimates and Trend Forecast

12.1. North America

12.1.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.1.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.1.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.1.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.1.5. U.S.

12.1.5.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.1.5.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.1.5.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.1.5.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.1.6. Rest of North America

12.1.6.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.1.6.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.1.6.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.1.6.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.2. Europe

12.2.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.2.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.2.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.2.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.2.5. UK

12.2.5.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.2.5.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.2.5.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.2.5.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.2.6. Germany

12.2.6.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.2.6.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.2.6.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.2.6.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.2.7. France

12.2.7.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.2.7.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.2.7.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.2.7.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.2.8. Rest of Europe

12.2.8.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.2.8.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.2.8.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.2.8.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.3. APAC

12.3.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.3.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.3.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.3.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.3.5. India

12.3.5.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.3.5.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.3.5.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.3.5.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.3.6. China

12.3.6.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.3.6.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.3.6.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.3.6.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.3.7. Japan

12.3.7.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.3.7.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.3.7.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.3.7.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.3.8. Rest of APAC

12.3.8.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.3.8.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.3.8.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.3.8.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.4. MEA

12.4.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.4.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.4.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.4.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.4.5. GCC

12.4.5.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.4.5.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.4.5.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.4.5.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.4.6. North Africa

12.4.6.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.4.6.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.4.6.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.4.6.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.4.7. South Africa

12.4.7.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.4.7.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.4.7.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.4.7.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.4.8. Rest of MEA

12.4.8.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.4.8.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.4.8.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.4.8.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.5. Latin America

12.5.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.5.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.5.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.5.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.5.5. Brazil

12.5.5.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.5.5.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.5.5.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.5.5.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

12.5.6. Rest of LATAM

12.5.6.1. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Product (2021-2033)

12.5.6.2. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Routes of Administration (2021-2033)

12.5.6.3. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Age-group (2021-2033)

12.5.6.4. Market Revenue and Volume Forecast, by Distribution Channel (2021-2033)

Chapter 13. Company Profiles

13.1. Galderma S.A.

13.1.1. Company Overview

13.1.2. Product Offerings

13.1.3. Financial Performance

13.1.4. Recent Initiatives

13.2. Bausch Health Companies Inc.

13.2.1. Company Overview

13.2.2. Product Offerings

13.2.3. Financial Performance

13.2.4. Recent Initiatives

13.3. Mayne Pharma Group Limited

13.3.1. Company Overview

13.3.2. Product Offerings

13.3.3. Financial Performance

13.3.4. Recent Initiatives

13.4. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd

13.4.1. Company Overview

13.4.2. Product Offerings

13.4.3. Financial Performance

13.4.4. Recent Initiatives

13.5. Almirall Sa

13.5.1. Company Overview

13.5.2. Product Offerings

13.5.3. Financial Performance

13.5.4. Recent Initiatives

13.6. Glaxosmithkline Plc (Gsk)

13.6.1. Company Overview

13.6.2. Product Offerings

13.6.3. Financial Performance

13.6.4. Recent Initiatives

13.7. Pfizer Inc.

13.7.1. Company Overview

13.7.2. Product Offerings

13.7.3. Financial Performance

13.7.4. Recent Initiatives

13.8. Mylan N.V.

13.8.1. Company Overview

13.8.2. Product Offerings

13.8.3. Financial Performance

13.8.4. Recent Initiatives

13.9. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited

13.9.1. Company Overview

13.9.2. Product Offerings

13.9.3. Financial Performance

13.9.4. Recent Initiatives

13.10. Johnson & Johnson

13.10.1. Company Overview

13.10.2. Product Offerings

13.10.3. Financial Performance

13.10.4. Recent Initiatives

Chapter 14. Research Methodology

14.1. Primary Research

14.2. Secondary Research

14.3. Assumptions

Chapter 15. Appendix

15.1. About Us

15.2. Glossary of Terms

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